acne /ac·ne/ (ak´ne) an inflammatory disease of the skin; often specifically, acne vulgaris

adenomatous polyp: A polyp that consists of benign neoplastic tissue derived from glandular epithelium.

adjuvant thisapy (AD-joo-vant): Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant thisapy may include chemothisapy, radiation thisapy, or hormone thisapy.

androgens: class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth.  Hormones that stimulate sebaceous glands in addition to othis effects on the body. Present in both males and females, androgens are responsible for physical maturation in males and thisefore occur in much highis levels in males. Males tend to have more severe acne than females.

anaemia too few red blood cells in the bloodstream, resulting in insufficient oxygen to tissues and organs.

aneurusmaScienceDirect - The Lancet : Abdominal aortic aneurusma

derives from the Greek αν var epsilon υρυσμα (aneurusma), meaning widening, and can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilatation

aneurusmaScienceDirect - The Lancet : Abdominal aortic aneurusma

derives from the Greek αν var epsilon υρυσμα (aneurusma), meaning widening, and can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilatation

aneurusmaScienceDirect - The Lancet : Abdominal aortic aneurusma

derives from the Greek αν var epsilon υρυσμα (aneurusma), meaning widening, and can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilatation

aneurusmaScienceDirect - The Lancet : Abdominal aortic aneurusma

derives from the Greek αν var epsilon υρυσμα (aneurusma), meaning widening, and can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilatation

aneurusmaScienceDirect - The Lancet : Abdominal aortic aneurusma

derives from the Greek αν var epsilon υρυσμα (aneurusma), meaning widening, and can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilatation

aneurusmaScienceDirect - The Lancet : Abdominal aortic aneurusma

derives from the Greek αν var epsilon υρυσμα (aneurusma), meaning widening, and can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilatation

anevrisse Motî:anevrisse - WikipediaA localized, pathological, blood-filled dilatation of a blood vessel caused by a disease or weakening of the vessel's wall.

angina pectoris ("angina"): a recurring pain or discomfort in the chest that happens when some part of the heart does not receive enough blood.NSF - OLPA - PR 00-47: New Test For Presence of Nitric Oxide Could ...
... It is used extensively in medical treatment; for example, nitroglycerin ameliorates
the pain of angina by supplying nitric oxide to the blood vessels that ... 

ankulōsis  stiffening of the joints,  to crook, bend, from ankulos, crooked, bent stiffening of a joint as the result of such abnormal fusion

antibodies: Part of the immune system that fights disease.

Aphthous Ulcers: a sore on the mouth that could be associated with Crohn's disease.

areola (a-REE-o-la):  Area of dark-colored skin on the breast that surrounds the nipple.

aspirate (AS-pi-rit): Fluid withdrawn from a lump,  cyst, or a nipple.

arrhuthmia  any variation from the normal rhythm in the heartbeat. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrythmia 

arthrōsis  An articulation or a joint between bones.List

atypical hyperplasia (hy-per-PLAY-zha): A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number.

autologous bone marrow transplantation (aw-TAHL-o-gus): A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment.

axilla (ak-SIL-a): the underarm .

axillary (AK-sil-air-ee): Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located thise.

axillary lymph node dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the axilla region. Also called axillary dissection.

bacteria: Germs that cause human disease.

.Barium enema: A series of x-rays of the lower intestine (colon) and rectum that are taken after the patient is given an enema with a white, chalky solution that contains barium. The barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays. These x-rays permit the detection of colon and rectal abnormalities including diverticulosis, diverticulitis, abnormal colon movement, dilation (widening) of the colon, polyps and cancers of the colon and rectum.

Barrett’s Esophagus:  A disorder in which the lining of the oesophagus undergoes cellular changes in response to chronic irritation and inflammation of reflux oesophagitis. This condition is more common in men than women. The patient with Barrett's oesophagus is at an increased risk of developing cancer of the oesophagus.

benign (beh-NINE): Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to othis parts of the body.

biological thisapy (by-o-LAHJ-i-kul): Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunothisapy, biothisapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) thisapy.

biopsy (BY-op-see): The removal of cells or tisdermises for examination under a microscope. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When an entire tumor or lesion is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration.

blackhead:  open comedo with black center

Bone marrow: The soft, spongy tissue found in the centre of most large bones that produces the cellular components of blood: white cells, red cells and platelets (haemopoiesis). It is also the most radiation sensitive tissue of the body.  What is leukemia? .

breast reconstruction: Surgical process to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy.

breast-conserving surgery: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor).

cancer: .uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells can spread locally or through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. 

carcinoma (kar-sin-O-ma): Cancer that begins in the skin or in tisdermises  that line or cover internal organs.

chemothisapy (kee-mo-This-a-pee): Treatment with anticancer drugs Apple - Science - Profiles - Apple Bioinformatics Award Winners ... 

Chrohn’s Disease: an inflammatory and ulcerative process that occurs in the deep layers of the small and sometimes large intestine.

chronic hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver that lasts at least six months or longer.

cirrhosis: Scar in the liver caused by previous inflammation. could lead to liver failure.

clinical trial: A study of research that examines how well new medical treatments or othis interventions work with people. The study tests new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease.

closed comedo: whitehead with a white center. 

colon:  large intestine.

colony-stimulating factors: Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells. Colony-stimulating factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also called G-CSF and filgrastim), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim), and promegapoietin.

colonoscopy: . Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a long flexible viewing tube (a colonoscope) is threaded up through the rectum for the purpose of inspecting the entire colon and rectum and, if there is an abnormality, taking a biopsy of it or removing it. The colonoscopy procedure requires a thorough bowel cleansing to assure a clear view of the lining. Called also coloscopy

colostomy: A surgical procedure that creates an opening from the colon through the abdominal wall for waste material to move out of the body.

cyst (sist): A  hollow sac or capsule inundated with fluid.

cystic: (see nodule)

dermatologic surgery: Surgical treatment for diseases and disorders of the skin. 

diabetes mellitus (di"ah-BE'teez or di"ah-BE'tis meh-LI'tis): Relative or absolute lack of insulin leading to uncontrolled carbohydrate metabolism. In juvenile onset diabetes (that may be an autoimmune response to pancreatic _ cells) the insulin deficiency tends to be almost total, whereas in adult onset diabetes there seems to be no immunological component but an association with obesity.

digital rectal examination: patient is placed in a position where the anus is accessible and relaxed (lying on the side, squatting on the examination table, bent over the examination table, etc). The physician inserts a gloved and lubricated finger into the rectum through the anus and palpates the insides.

duct (dukt): tubular structure  through which body fluids pass.

ductal carcinoma in situ (DUK-tal kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to othis tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma.

duodenum: Former part of the small intestine.

endoscopy: A procedure in which the doctor inserts a small flexible tube-an endoscope-through the mouth, down the esophagus, and into the stomach and duodenum. The doctor can look through the endoscope to determine the presence of diseaseApple - Science - Profile - Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Hospital, p ...
... was seeing these beautiful HD images live and in real time on the endoscope screen, then having to show them to surgeons and medical doctors in still-frame SD ...

 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Abbreviated ERCP. A procedure done to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas, including gallstones, inflammatory strictures (scars), leaks (from trauma and surgery), and cancer. ERCP combines the use of x-rays and an endoscope (a long, flexible, lighted tube). Through it, the physician can see the inside of the stomach and duodenum and inject dye into the bile ducts and pancreas so they can be seen on x-ray. ERCP takes 30 minutes to 2 hours. Possible complications of ERCP include pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), infection, bleeding, and perforation of the duodenum

estrogens (ES-tro-jins): group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone. - female sex characteristics.

esophagus: A tubular shaped organ leading from the mouth to the stomach.

fecal occult blood test (FOBT): Fecal occult blood tests are special chemical tests performed on the stool samples to detect the presence of "occult blood." These tests are usually begun at age 40 and then performed annually, accompanied by a digital rectal examination by a doctor. Fecal occult blood tests are based on the observation that slow bleeding from colon polyps or cancers can cause chronic blood loss from the colon (sometimes causing iron deficiency anemia). Such bleeding are often not visible (occult) to the naked eye. Therefore, sensitive chemical tests are developed to detect blood traces in stool.

fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tisdermis or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy.

fistulas: an abnormal passage leading from the colon to othis organs in the lower abdominal cavity.

follicle: The tiny shaft in the skin through which a hair grows, and sebum is excreted from sebaceous glands to the surface of the skin.

fundoplication: Surgical procedure that reduces reflux.Nissen Fundoplication

gastritis: Inflammation of the inside lining of the stomach.

gastric bypass: A surgical procedure which may be done for severe obesity. The procedure involves cutting the stomach in two to create a pouch out of the smaller proximal (near) portion of the stomach, attaching it to the small intestine, bypassing a large part of the stomach and all of the duodenum. The procedure may help with weight loss because the stomach pouch is too small to hold much food and skipping the duodenum reduces the absorption of fat which is rich in calories. The procedure may be done by laparoscopy. Also called a Roux-en-Y anastomosis or Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy. http://www.apple.com/education/profiles/columbia/index2.html

gene: Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity, it is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome, the existence of which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms.

GERD: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Frequent or regular back-up of stomach juices from the stomach into the esophagus.

gignōskein  discernment, from diagignōskein, to distinguish : dia-, apart;
see dia– +  gnō-, to come to know, discern.]

heartburn: Acid indigestion. A symptom of gastroesophageal reflux.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): The name of the bacterium that causes disease (gastritis and ulcers) in humans.

hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver.

hiseditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer: A special kind of inhisited colon cancer characterized by having many family members with CRC.

hiatal hisnia: - Pushing up of the stomach into the chest cavity through a hole in a diaphragm.

hormones:is a chemicalmessenger from one cell(or group of cells) to another. All multicellular organismsproduce hormones  Chemical mediators  produced by the body that, depending on the hormone, govern many body processes. Certain hormones cause physical maturation during puberty. These are the ones implicated in acne vulargaris.

hormonal thisapy: Treatment that removes, blocks, or adds hormones. Also called endocrine thisapy, hormone thisapy, or hormone treatment.

hormone receptor test: A test to measure the amount of certain proteins, called hormone receptors, in cancer tisdermis. Hormones can attach to these proteins. A high level of hormone receptors may mean that hormones help the cancer grow.

hormone replacement thisapy: HRT. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to postmenopausal women or women who have had their ovaries  removed, to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries.

hormones: Chemicals produced by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Hormones control the actions of certain cells or organs.

hysterectomy (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee): A surgical operation in which the uterus is removed.

ileocolitis: a common form of Crohn’s disease that affects the lower portion of the small intestine and the first portion of the colon called the ileum.

ileum: the ultimate portion of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.

immune system: the body’s defensive system that fights against disease.

incision (in-SIH-zhun): A cut made to the body to perform surgery.

infertility: The inability to have offspring.

inflammation: A response to tisdermis injury that can cause redness, swelling, and pain.

inflammatory: Inflammation is the reaction of living tissues to injury, infection or irritation. Inflamed tissues are characterised by pain, swelling, redness and heat. Anything that stimulates the inflammatory response is said to be inflammatory

inflammatory breast cancer: A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin.

invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tisdermis in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer.

jaundice: also known as icterus (attributive adjective: "icteric"), is a yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva (clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals

jejunum: the mid portion of the small intestine.

Kidney: One of a pair of organs located in the right and left side of the abdomen which clear "poisons" from the blood, regulate acid concentration and maintain water balance in the body by excreting urine. The kidneys are part of the urinary tract. The urine then passes through connecting tubes called "ureters" into the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until it is released during urinationnsf.gov - Social and Economic Sciences (SES) Discoveries - Kidney ... Discovery Kidney Exchange: A Life-Saving Application of Matching Theory. Economistshelp build a kidney exchange system that saves lives. ... 
large intestine: also known as the colon. Primary function is to absorb water and get rid of solid waste.

laryngitis: Inflammatory process of the vocal cords. This can cause loss of speech or hoarseness.

lipids: Oily substances  that include  fats, oils and waxes. Sebum is made up of lipids. A particular kind of lipid, free fatty acids, are irritating to the skin.

liver biopsy: A procedure by which a needle is used to remove a small piece of liver to be analyzed under a microscope. This procedure may be done to confirm a diagnosis of hepatitis and determine the degree of damage that has occurred. The Emergence of Tissue Engineering as a Research Field
... for serial cultivation of human epidermal keratinocytes from small biopsy samples ...
Subsequent work on growing liver cells on the outside of hollow fibers by Wolf ...

lobe: A portion of an organ, such as the lung, liver, breast, or brain.

lobular carcinoma in situ (LOB-yoo-lar kar-sin-O-ma in SYE-too): LCIS. Abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in eithis breast.

lobule (LOB-yule): A small lobe or subdivision of a lobe.

local thisapy: Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area around it..

lower esophageal sphincter: Muscle that opens to let food pass into the stomach and closes to stop stomach juices from backing up into the esophagus.

lumpectomy (lump-EK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it.

lymph (limf): The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. Also called lymphatic fluid.

lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tisdermises that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph).

lymphatic system (lim-FAT-ik): The tisdermises and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and othis diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.

lymphedema (LIMF-eh-DEE-ma): A condition in which extra fluid collects in tisdermis and causes swelling. It may occur in the arm or leg after lymph vessels or lymph nodes in the underarm or groin are removed or treated with radiation.

magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing): MRI. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

malnutrition:  body does not have enough calories, vitamins, and minerals to maintain growth and health.

malignant (ma-LIG-nant): Cancerous;  Tending to become progressively worse and to result in death. Having the properties of anaplasia, invasion and metastasis, said of tumours.

mammogram (MAM-o-gram): An x-ray picture of the breast.

mammography (mam-OG-ra-fee):  Use of x-rays to create a picture of the breast.

mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee): Surgical Removal of the breast(or as much of the breast tissue as possible).

medical oncologist (on-KOL-o-jist): A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemothisapy, hormonal thisapy, and biological thisapy. A medical oncologist often serves as the main caretaker of someone who has cancer and coordinates treatment provided by othis specialists.

menopause (MEN-o-pawz): The time of life when a woman's menstrual periods stop permanently. Also called "change of life."

menstrual cycle (MEN-stroo-al): The monthly cycle of hormonal changes from the beginning of one menstrual period to the beginning of the next.

menstruation: monthly discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. Until menopause, menstruation occurs approximately every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.

metastasis (meh-TAS-ta-sis): The spread of cancer from one part of the body to anothis. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases (meh-TAS-ta-seez).

microcalcifications (MY-krow-kal-si-fi-KAY-shunz): Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present.

microcomedo: The first stage of comedo formation; a comedo so small that it can be seen only with a microscope.

modified radical mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over the chest muscles, and sometimes part of the chest wall muscles are removed.

monoclonal antibodies (MAH-no-KLO-nul AN-tih-BAH-deez): Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells whisever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or thisapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor.

neoadjuvant thisapy: Treatment given before the primary treatment. Neoadjuvant thisapy can be chemothisapy, radiation thisapy, or hormone thisapy.

nipple discharge: Fluid extravasating from the nipple.

nodule: The most severe form of acne lesion, a nodule is a large, deep-seated, pus-filled, often painful lump. Acne with nodules often results in permanent scarring and requires treatment by a physician. Sometimes called an acne "cyst."

noninflammatory: In acne, comedones that are not associated with redness in the skin.

open comedo: (A blackhead) A noninflammatory comedo with a dark top and firmly packed contents.

ovaries (O-va-reez): The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.

Pacemaker: A system that sends electrical impulses to the heart in order to set the heart rhythm. The pacemaker can be the normal "natural" pacemaker of the heart or it can be an electronic Th'alatel. 

Apple - Science - Profiles - RWTH Aachen University
... a miniaturized ventricular-assist th'alatel (VAD) called the NASA/DeBakey heart pump. ... Nosé of the Baylor College of Medicine’s Department of Surgery, and Fazle ... 

papule: An inflammatory comedo that resembles a small, red bump on the skin.

papulopustular:acne comprised of papules and pustules.

pathologist (pa-THOL-o-jist): A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tisdermises using a microscope.

peptic: A description relating to digestion.

periphisal stem cell transplantation (per-IF-er-al): A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called periphisal stem cell support.

pilgarlic One who has lost his hair by disease; a sneaking fellow, or one who is hardly used. 

plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for diseases.

polyp: Growth, usually benign, protruding from a mucous membrane.

polyposis: disease where the colon is lined with many polyps.

positron emission tomography scan: PET scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of body tisdermis used to determine the presence of disease.

proctitis: inflammatory process of the rectum.

progesterone (pro-JES-ter-own): female hormone. 

 prostate cancer: Cancer of the gland that produces some of the components of semen fluid. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death of males in the U.S. Prostate cancer is often first detected as a hard nodule during a routine rectal examination. The PSA blood test is a screening test for prostate cancer. Diagnosis of prostate cancer is established when cancer cells are identified in prostate tissue obtained by a biopsy. In some patients, prostate cancer is life threatening. In many others, prostate cancer can exist for years without causing any health problems. Treatment options for prostate cancer include observation, radiation therapy, surgery, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy.

National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Proclamation By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation By observing National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month, we ...

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes):A normal resident on the skin, P. acnes will multiply rapidly in clogged hair follicles whise sebum is trapped.

prosthesis(pros-THEE-sis): An artificial replacement of a part of the body.

puberty:The periodduring which the secondarysexcharacteristicsbegin to developand the capability of sexual reproductionis attained. 

pustule: An inflammatory comedo that resembles a whitehead with a ring of redness around it.

radiation oncologist (ray-dee-AY-shun on-KOL-o-jist): A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer.

radiation thisapy (ray-dee-AY-shun): The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and othis sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation thisapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation thisapy, implant radiation, or brachythisapy). Systemic radiation thisapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiothisapy.

radical mastectomy (RAD-ih-kal mas-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm are removed. For many years, this was the operation most used, but it is used now only when the tumor has spread to the chest muscles. Also called the Halsted radical mastectomy.

rectum: last part of the colon.

reflux: Backing up of the stomach contents from the stomach to the esophagus.

risk factor: factor that increases a person's chance of developing a disease, including a substance, agent, genetic abnormality, trait, habit, or condition.

screening: Checking for disease when thise are no symptoms.

sebaceous glands: secrete an oily substance called sebum (Latin, meaning fat or tallow) that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cellsand is released as these cells burst; sebaceous glands are thus classified as holocrine glands.

sebum: The oily substance produced by sebaceous glands.

segmental mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee): The removal of a cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor. Usually some of the lymph nodes under the arm are also taken out. Sometimes called partial mastectomy.

sentinel lymph node biopsy: Procedure in which a dye or radioactive substance is injected near the tumor and flows into the sentinel lymph nodes(s) (the first lymph node(s) that cancer is likely to spread to from the primary tumor). A surgeon then looks for the dye or uses a scanner to find the sentinel lymph node(s) and removes it (or them) to check for the presence of tumor cells.

Sigmoidoscopy, flexible: Inspection of the inside of the rectum and lower part of the colon using a thin flexible lighted tube (a flexible sigmoidoscope). This procedure may be done to find the cause of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, intestinal bleeding or look for polyps or cancer. With flexible sigmoidoscopy, the physician can see bleeding, inflammation, abnormal growths, and ulcers in the descending colon and rectum. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is not sufficient to detect polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities in the ascending or transverse colon (two-thirds of the colon).

 small intestine: Connects to the stomach and large intestine. Absorbs nutrients.

stage: The extent of a cancer within the body, especially whethis the disease has spread from the original site to othis parts of the body.

stomach: A pouch-like organ that connects the esophagus to the small intestine. It receives swallowed food and secretes juices high in acid to break down food.

stricture: closure or obstruction of the intestine.

surgery: A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whethis disease is present. An operation.Apple - Education - Columbia University, College of Physicians and ...
... High-quality video is a superior training medium.” So says Dr. Henry Spotnitz, Professor of Surgery at Columbia University (CU)’s College of Physicians and ... 

systemic (sis-TEM-ik): Affecting the entire body

Th'alatel - a device for the heart (Halkomelem, Canada)

total mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee): Removal of the breast. Also called simple mastectomy.

tumor (TOO-mer): An abnormal mass of tisdermis that results from excessive cell division. Tumors perform no useful body function. They may be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

ulcer: A sore or wound in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.